Defining Intersexuality, and What Else You Should Know About It

An intersex situation is when an individual is born with a sexual anatomical or reproductive system that does not seem to meet the stereotypical categories of male or female. If a person is born with the appearance of being feminine but has anatomically more typical of a man, this is an example. Some people are born with unusually big or tiny penises or scrotums divided into labia rather than penises. For example, some girls are born with huge clitorises, while some boys are born with scrotums that split into labia rather than the penis. Some people have mosaic genetics, which means they have XX chromosomes in some of their cells and XY chromosomes in others. Children who are intersex are not medically required to have surgery or hormone treatment since intersexuality occurs naturally in people (Vilain 2006). More individuals than you would imagine identify as intersex. Although the precise number of intersex persons in the United States is unknown, estimations imply that 1 to 2 out of every 100 people born here are transgender or non-binary.

What Happens When People Are Born Intersex?

It is common for intersex babies to be raised as either female or male by their families after birth. When a child is born, the genitals are surgically altered, and the youngster is given hormones to help them transition into male or female gender roles (Bettcher 2015). A growing body of work is being done to shift the way our society assumes intersex is a medical condition rather than an entirely normal and healthy way for bodies to exist. Many individuals now feel that one should not perform needless medical procedures on intersex newborns and children. Instead, older intersex individuals should have the freedom to make their treatment and surgical decisions. The finest thing you can do for your intersex kid is love and support them like they are. Other parents with intersex children may also be a great resource, as can making sure that your kid has chances for socialization with other intersex children.

Types of Intersex

There are four categories;46, XY intersex, 46, XX intersex, True gonadal intersex, and complex/ undetermined intersex.

46, XY Intersex

Even though they are genetically built to be male, they have feminine organs that are either not fully developed or have been misplaced. These internal testies might be normal or abnormal. Male pseudohermaphroditism was the old term for it. The proper balance of female and male hormones is critical to developing normal male sexual organs. Male hormone production and function are necessary for this. 46, XY intersex may be caused by a variety of factors.

• Testes problems: Male hormones are produced by the testicles. Undervirilization might be the result of improper testicular development. XY pure gonadal dysgenesis might probably be the reason.
• Difficulties with testosterone formation: Testosterone is made up of chemical reactions. To complete each of these stages, an enzyme is required. Enzyme deficiencies may cause a separate 46, XY intersex condition when testosterone levels are insufficient. Several forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia come under this scope.
• Problems with using testosterone: People with 46, XY intersex, may have normal testes and testosterone production but nonetheless suffer from 5-alpha-reductase insufficiency or androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).

XX Intersex

Even though the individual has female chromosomes and female reproductive organs, their outward genitals resemble masculine. Prenatal exposure to excessive levels of male hormones most often causes this in female fetuses (Koyama & Weasel, 2002). For females, the labia (also known as "lips" or "folds" of skin) merge, and the clitoris expands to take on the appearance of a penis. The fallopian tubes and uterus of this individual are usually normal. Another name for this syndrome is "46, XX with virilization." In the past, this condition was known as female pseudohermaphroditism. Several factors might be at play here:

• Pregnancy-related exposure to or ingestion by the mother of male hormones (like testosterone).
• Female tumors that produce male hormones are often ovarian cancers. If there is no obvious explanation, mothers of 46 XX intersex children should get their children tested.
• An aromatase deficit may not become apparent until adolescence. To put it simply, the enzyme aromatase is responsible for converting testosterone into estrogen. Having too much or too little aromatase activity might result in excess estrogen (the female hormone). Children reared as females may develop features associated with males as they reach puberty.

Complex Intersex Disorders of Sexual Development

Many chromosomal combinations other than the conventional 46, XX, or 46, XY may lead to sex development problems. Some examples include 45, XO (having just one X chromosome), 47, XXY (having both an X and Y chromosome), and 47, XXX (having both an X and Y chromosome). Discordance between the external and internal genitalia does not emerge from these conditions (Vilain 2006). Although a person's whole sexual development may be affected along with the amounts and numbers of their sex chromosomes, this is unlikely.

True Gonadal Intersex

Testicular and Ovarian tissue must be present for this to work. An ovotestis may be present, or the individual may only have one ovary and one testis. There is a possibility that the individual has both XX and XY chromosomes. Depending on how the external genitals appear, they may seem masculine or female. True hermaphroditism was formerly referred to as this disorder. The underlying etiology of genuine gonadal intersex is unclear to most affected individuals; however, certain animal studies have implicated exposure to common agricultural pesticides.

Conclusion

Even though intersex is considered a genetic disorder, it is not always present at birth. It is not uncommon for intersex individuals to go unnoticed until they reach puberty or become infertile adults and are autopsied. Intersex people can live and die without anyone ever realizing they have intersex anatomy (even themselves). Because certain kinds of intersex indicate underlying metabolic issues, anybody who suspects they may be intersex should obtain a diagnostic and determine whether they need expert treatment. There is more on intersexuality but the above are the most important.

References

Greenberg, J. A. (1999). Defining male and female: Intersexuality and the collision between law and biology. Ariz. L. Rev., 41, 265.

Vilain, E. (2006). Genetics of intersexuality. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 10(2), 9-26.

Bettcher, T. M. (2015). Intersexuality, Transgender, and transsexuality (p. 407). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Koyama, E., & Weasel, L. (2002). From social construction to social justice: Transforming how we teach about intersexuality. Women's Studies Quarterly, 30(3/4), 169-178.